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Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is the agency or efficacy that connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is understood to be partly responsible for the second, and the second is dependent on the first.

In general, a process has many causes, which are said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past.

An effect can in turn be a cause of many other effects.

Although retrocausality is sometimes referred to in thought experiments and hypothetical analyses, causality is generally accepted to be temporally bound so that causes always precede their dependent effects (although in some contexts such as economics they may coincide in time; see Instrumental variable for how this is dealt with econometrically).

Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.

Anatomy is inherently tied to embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated over immediate (embryology) and long (evolution) timescales.

Human anatomy is one of the basic essential sciences of medicine.

A fact is something that has occurred or is correct.

The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiability—that is, whether it can be demonstrated to correspond to experience.

Standard reference works are often used to check facts.

Scientific facts are verified by repeatable careful observation or measurement (by experiments or other means).

Information is that which informs.

In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind.

It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts.

As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer.

In philosophy, a quality is an attribute or a property characteristic of an object.

In contemporary philosophy the idea of qualities, and especially how to distinguish certain kinds of qualities from one another, remains controversial.