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Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government.

Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union.

Individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work and through the contract for work.

are social norms (in some cases also technical standards) for the minimum socially acceptable conditions under which employees or contractors are allowed to work.

Government agencies (such as the former US Employment Standards Administration) enforce labour law (legislative, regulatory, or judicial).

North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere.

It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas.

It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.

Automation or automatic control, is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention.

Some processes have been completely automated.

Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.

Employees work in return for payment, which may be in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework or an annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does or which sector she or he is working in.

Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options.

In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment.

Benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym.

Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts.

Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method".

However, innovation is often also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs.

This is accomplished through more-effective products, processes, services, technologies, or business models that are readily available to markets, governments and society.

The term "innovation" can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new, that "breaks into" the market or society.

It is related to, but not the same as, invention.

Innovation is often manifested via the engineering process.

The opposite of innovation is exnovation.