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The interdisciplinary field of materials science, also commonly termed materials science and engineering, involves the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids.

The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering to understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and mineralogy.

Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and engineering.

As such, the field was long considered by academic institutions as a sub-field of these related fields.

Beginning in the 1940s, materials science began to be more widely recognized as a specific and distinct field of science and engineering, and major technical universities around the world created dedicated schools of the study.

'Atmospheric pressure'atmosphere of Earth (or that of another planet).

In most circumstances atmospheric pressure is closely approximated by the hssure caused by the weight of air above the measurement point.

As elevation increases, there is less overlying atmospheric mass, so that atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing elevation.

On average, a column of air in cross-section, measured from sea level to the top of the atmosphere, has a mass of about and weight of about.

That force (across one square centimeter) is a pressure of 10.1 N/cm2 or 101 kN/m2.

A column in cross-section would have a weight of about or about 65.4 N.

A tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if the item is not consumed in the process.

Tool use by humans dates back millions of years, and other animals are also known to employ simple tools.