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A rainbow table is a precomputed table for reversing cryptographic hash functions, usually for cracking password hashes.

Tables are usually used in recovering a password (or credit card numbers, etc) up to a certain length consisting of a limited set of characters.

It is a practical example of a space–time tradeoff, using less computer processing time and more storage than a brute-force attack which calculates a hash on every attempt, but more processing time and less storage than a simple lookup table with one entry per hash.

Use of a key derivation function that employs a salt makes this attack infeasible.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS.

It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications.

It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993, and it has replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets.

Excel forms part of Microsoft Office.

A computer file is a computer resource for recording data discretely in a computer storage device.

Just as words can be written to paper, so can information be written to a computer file.

Computer software, or simply software, is a generic term that refers to a collection of data or computer instructions that tell the computer how to work, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built, that actually performs the work.

In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data.

Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media.

Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own.

Microsoft Word (or simply Word) is a word processor developed by Microsoft.

It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.

Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running the Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and OS X (2001).

Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite.

Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features.