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JRuby is an implementation of the Ruby programming language atop the Java Virtual Machine, written largely in Java.

It is free software released under a three-way EPL/GPL/LGPL license.

JRuby is tightly integrated with Java to allow the embedding of the interpreter into any Java application with full two-way access between the Java and the Ruby code (similar to Jython for the Python language).

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

Android's user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input.

In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface.

Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics.

Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.

It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.

Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture.

As of 2016, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers.

Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform.

The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.

Apache Groovy is an object-oriented programming language for the Java platform.

It is a dynamic language with features similar to those of Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk.

It can be used as a scripting language for the Java Platform, is dynamically compiled to Java virtual machine (JVM) bytecode, and interoperates with other Java code and libraries.

Groovy uses a Java-like curly-bracket syntax.

Most Java code is also syntactically valid Groovy, although semantics may be different.

Scala is a general-purpose programming language providing support for functional programming and a strong static type system.

Designed to be concise, many of Scala's design decisions were designed to build from criticisms of Java.