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In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the group a sulfonyl hydroxide.

As a substituent, it is known as a sulfo group.

A sulfonic acid can be thought of as sulfuric acid with one hydroxyl group replaced by an organic substituent.

The parent compound (with the organic substituent replaced by hydrogen) is the parent sulfonic acid, a tautomer of sulfurous acid.

Salts or esters of sulfonic acids are called sulfonates.

In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.

The earliest use of the term was in an article by August Wilhelm Hofmann in 1855.

There is no general relationship between aromaticity as a chemical property and the olfactory properties of such compounds.

Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.

For example, carbon-containing compounds such as alkanes (e.g. methane) and its derivatives are universally considered organic, but many others are sometimes considered inorganic, such as halides of carbon without carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds (e.g. carbon tetrachloride), and certain compounds of carbon with nitrogen and oxygen (e.g. cyanide ion, hydrogen cyanide, chloroformic acid, carbon dioxide, and carbonate ion).

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.

For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water.

Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area.

Thus its SI units are newton-seconds per square meter, or pascal-seconds.

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide.

AMP consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine.

It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine.

As a substituent it takes the form of the prefix adenylyl-.