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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.

Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk.

Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

Arba Minch ("forty springs") is a city and separate woreda in southern Ethiopia; the first common name for this city was Ganta Garo.

Located in the Gamo Gofa Zone of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region about 500 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, at an elevation of 1285 meters above sea level.

It is the largest town in Gamo Gofa Zone and the second town in SNNPR next to Awassa.

It is surrounded by Arba Minch Zuria woreda.

Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.

According to the UN, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.

It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world.

Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa, but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world.

In medical research and social science, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transversal study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data.

In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection.

Sometimes, determinant is also used, being a variable associated with either increased or decreased risk.