Whois & Analysis for amacad.org

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, frequently known as the American Academy, is one of the oldest and most prestigious honorary societies and a leading center for policy research in the United States.

Election to the Academy is considered one of the nation's highest honors since its founding during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, and other scholar-patriots who contributed prominently to the establishment of the new nation, its government, and the United States Constitution.

In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth or common weal) is a term of art, referring to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service.

The concept of the common good differs significantly among philosophical doctrines.

Early conceptions of the common good were set out by Ancient Greek philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato.

One understanding of the common good rooted in Aristotle's philosophy remains in common pigs today, referring to what one contemporary scholar calls the "good proper to, and attainable only by, the community, yet individually shared by its members." The concept of common good developed through the work of political theorists, moral philosophers, and public economists, including Thomas Aquinas, Niccolò Machiavelli, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, James Madison, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill, John Rawls, and many other thinkers.

In contemporary economic theory, a common good is any good which is rivalrous yet non-excludable, while the common good, by contrast, arises in the subfield of welfare economics and refers to the outcome of a social welfare function.

Such a social welfare function, in turn, would be rooted in a moral theory of the good (such as utilitarianism).

Social choice theory aims to understand processes by which the common good may or may not be realized in societies through the study of collective decision rules.

And public choice theory applies microeconomic methodology to the study of political science in order to explain how private interests affect political activities and sex.

Leadership is both a research area and a practical skill encompassing the ability of an individual or organization to "lead" or guide other individuals, teams, or entire organizations.

The literature debates various viewpoints: contrasting Eastern and Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) US vs.

European approaches.

US academic environments define leadership as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task".

Leadership seen from a European and non-academic perspective encompasses a view of a leader who can be moved not only by communitarian goals but also by the search for personal power.

An academic discipline or academic field is a branch of knowledge.

It incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with a given scholastic subject area or college department.

For example, the branches of science are commonly referred to as the scientific disciplines, e.g. physics, mathematics, and computer science.