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Vitamin D refers to a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc.

In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol).

Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements.

Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol) in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin.

Vitamin D is made in the skin from cholesterol dependent on sun exposure (specifically UVB radiation).

Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.

They are one of the building blocks of body tissue, and can also serve as a fuel source.

As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram.

The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.

Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

Calcium is a soft grayish-yellow alkaline earth metal, fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust.

The ion Ca2+ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.

Free calcium metal is too reactive to occur in nature.

Calcium is produced in supernova nucleosynthesis.

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.

It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.

A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.

An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term vitamin is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.

For example, ascorbic acid (one form of vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms.

Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.