Whois & Analysis for cdrjournal.com

Open access (OA) journals are scholarly journals that are available online to the reader "without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself." They remove price barriers (e.g. subscription, licensing fees, pay-per-view fees) and most permission barriers (e.g. copyright and licensing restrictions).

While open access journals are freely available to the reader, there are still costs associated with the publication and production of such journals.

Some are subsidized, and some require payment on behalf of the author.

Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within body) molecule which exerts a biochemical and/or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism (sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species).

More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function.

If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.

Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a drug such as an antimicrobial, anthelmintic or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition.

The term is used in the context of resistance that pathogens or cancers have "acquired", that is, resistance has evolved.

Antimicrobial resistance and antineoplastic resistance challenge clinical care and drive research.

When an organism is resistant to more than one drug, it is said to be multidrug-resistant.

Even the immune system of an organism is in essence a drug delivery system, albeit endogenous, and faces the same arms race problems as external drug delivery.

Molecular biology concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA, and proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions.

Writing in Nature in 1961, William Astbury described molecular biology as:

Medicine (British English; American English) is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

The word "medicine" is derived from Latin medicus, meaning "a physician".

Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.

Contemporary medicine applies biomedical sciences, biomedical research, genetics, and medical technology to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury and disease, typically through pharmaceuticals or surgery, but also through therapies as diverse as psychotherapy, external splints and traction, medical devices, biologics, and ionizing radiation, amongst others.