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NumPy (pronounced or sometimes) is an extension to the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large library of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays.

The ancestor of NumPy, Numeric, was originally created by Jim Hugunin with contributions from several other developers.

In 2005, Travis Oliphant created NumPy by incorporating features of the competing Numarray into Numeric, with extensive modifications.

NumPy is open-source software and has many contributors.

Python is a widely used high-level programming language for general-purpose programming, created by Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991.

An interpreted language, Python has a design philosophy which emphasizes code readability (notably using whitespace indentation to delimit code blocks rather than curly braces or keywords), and a syntax which allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in languages such as C++ or Java.

The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale.

SQL (or, Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used in programming and designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).

Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication.

It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data, meaning "information that has been abstracted in some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of information".

Data science, also known as data-driven science, is an interdisciplinary field about scientific methods, processes and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured or unstructured, similar to Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD).