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Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovaries.

In humans, this event occurs when the de Graaf's follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.

After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm.

In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg.

If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation.

A pregnancy test attempts to determine whether a woman is pregnant.

Markers that indicate pregnancy are found in urine and blood, and pregnancy tests require sampling one of these substances.

The first of these markers to be discovered, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), was discovered in 1930 to be produced by the syncytiotrophoblast cells of the fertilised ova (eggs).

While hCG is a reliable marker of pregnancy, it cannot be detected until after implantation: this results in false negatives if the test is performed during the very early stages of pregnancy.

Obstetric ultrasonography may also be used to detect pregnancy.

Obstetric ultrasonography was first practiced in the 1960s; the first home test kit for hCG was invented in 1968.

The kits went on the market in the United States and Europe in the mid-1970s.

A lubricant is a substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move.

It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces.

The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity which is known to be good for other people's daily uses.

A vitamin is an organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires in limited amounts.

An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term vitamin is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular organism.

For example, ascorbic acid (one form of vitamin C) is a vitamin for humans, but not for most other animal organisms.

Supplementation is important for the treatment of certain health problems, but there is little evidence of nutritional benefit when used by otherwise healthy people.

Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring.

As a measure, fertility rate is the number of offspring born per mating pair, individual or population.

Fertility differs from fecundity, which is defined as the potential for reproduction (influenced by gamete production, fertilization and carrying a pregnancy to term).

A lack of fertility is infertility while a lack of fecundity would be called sterility.