URL shortening is a technique on the World Wide Web in which a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be made substantially shorter and still direct to the required page.

This is achieved by using a redirect which links to the web page that has a long URL.

For example, the URL "" can be shortened to "", and the URL "" can be shortened to "".

Often the redirect domain name is shorter than the original one.

A friendly URL may be desired for messaging technologies that limit the number of characters in a message (for example SMS), for reducing the amount of typing required if the reader is copying a URL from a print source, for making it easier for a person to remember, or for the intention of a permalink.

In November 2009, the shortened links of the URL shortening service Bitly were accessed 2.1 billion times.

Marketing is the study and management of exchange relationships.

The American Marketing Association has defined marketing as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.".

A user is a person who uses a computer or network service.

Users generally use a system or a software product without the technical expertise required to fully understand it.

Power users use advanced features of programs, though they are not necessarily capable of computer programming and system administration.

In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need.

In retailing, products are called merchandise.

In manufacturing, products are bought as raw materials and sold as finished goods.

A service is another common product type.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines.

In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal.

Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving" (known as Machine Learning).

As machines become increasingly capable, mental facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition.

For instance, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an example of "artificial intelligence", having become a routine technology.

Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, competing at a high level in strategic game systems (such as Chess and Go), self-driving cars, intelligent routing in content delivery networks, and interpreting complex data.