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Equine infectious anemia or equine infectious anaemia (EIA), also known by horsemen as swamp fever, is a horse disease caused by a retrovirus and transmitted by bloodsucking insects.

The virus (EIAV) is endemic in the Americas, parts of Europe, the Middle and Far East, Russia, and South Africa.

The virus is a lentivirus, like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Like HIV, EIA can be transmitted through blood, milk, and body secretions.

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.

This approach can be contrasted with field studies in which animals are observed in their natural environments.

Experimental research with animals is usually conducted in universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, defense establishments and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry.

The focus of animal testing varies on a continuum from pure research, done with little regard to the uses to which understanding may be put, to applied research, which may focus on answering some question of great practical importance, such as finding a cure for a disease.

Examples of applied research include testing, breeding, defense research and toxicology, including cosmetics testing.

In education, animal testing is sometimes a component of biology or psychology courses.

The practice is regulated to varying degrees in different countries.

Traceability is the ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of documented recorded identification.

Environmental assessment (EA) is the assessment of the environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy, program, or concrete projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action.

In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment"(EIA) is usually used when applied to concrete projects by individuals or companies and the term "strategic environmental assessment" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state.

Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review.

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Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in non-human animals.

The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions which can affect different species.