In computer science, lexical analysis is the process of converting a sequence of characters (such as in a computer program or web page) into a sequence of tokens (strings with an assigned and thus identified meaning).

A program that performs lexical analysis may be termed a lexer, tokenizer, or scanner, though scanner is also a term for the first stage of a lexer.

A lexer is generally combined with a parser, which together analyze the syntax of programming languages, web pages, and so forth.

Return on marketing investment (ROMI) is the contribution to profit attributable to marketing (net of marketing spending), divided by the marketing 'invested' or risked.

ROMI is not like the other 'return-on-investment' (ROI) metrics because marketing is not the same kind of investment.

Instead of money that is 'tied' up in plants and inventories (often considered capital expenditure or CAPEX), marketing funds are typically 'risked'.

Marketing spending is typically expensed in the current period (operational expenditure or OPEX).

The loyalty business model is a business model used in strategic management in which company resources are employed so as to increase the loyalty of customers and other stakeholders in the expectation that corporate objectives will be met or surpassed.

A typical example of this type of model is: quality of product or service leads to customer satisfaction, which leads to customer loyalty, which leads to profitability.

Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity.

Retailing involves the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit.

Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain.

Retailers typically make a variety of strategic level decisions including the type of store, the market to be served, the optimal product assortment, customer service, supporting services and the store's overall market positioning.

Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation.

In the digital age, an increasing number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels, including both bricks and mortar and online retailing.

Digital technologies are also changing the way that consumers pay for goods and services.

Retailing support services may also include the provision of credit, delivery services and a range of supporting services.