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In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, which are organic compounds in which multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds.

The biological process of producing long peptides (proteins) is known as protein biosynthesis.

Artificial gene synthesis, sometimes known as DNA printing is a method in synthetic biology that is used to create artificial genes in the laboratory.

Currently based on solid-phase DNA synthesis, it differs from molecular cloning and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in that the user does not have to begin with preexisting DNA sequences.

Therefore, it is possible to make a completely synthetic double-stranded DNA molecule with no apparent limits on either nucleotide sequence or size.

The method has been used to generate functional bacterial or yeast chromosomes containing approximately one million base pairs.

Recent research also suggests the possibility of creating novel nucleobase pairs in addition to the two base pairs in nature, which could greatly expand the genetic code.

An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the Fab's variable region.

Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision.

Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival).

Depending on the antigen, the binding may impede the biological process causing the disease or may activate macrophages to destroy the foreign substance.

The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the "Y"), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions.

The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.

In economics, a service is a transaction in which no physical goods is transferred from the seller to the buyer.

The benefits of such a service are held to be demonstrated by the buyer's willingness to make the exchange.

Public services are those that society (nation state, fiscal union, region) as a whole pays for.

Using resources, skill, ingenuity, and experience, service providers benefit service consumers.

In ordinary usage, price is the quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services.