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Long-term memory (LTM) is the stage of the dual memory model proposed by the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model, and informative knowledge can be stored for long periods of time.

While short-term and working memory persist for only about 18 to 30 seconds, informative knowledge can remain as long-term memory indefinitely.

Long-term memory is commonly labelled as explicit memory (declarative), as well as episodic memory, semantic memory, autobiographical memory, and implicit memory (procedural memory).

Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences which may lead to a potential change in synthesizing information, depth of the knowledge, attitude or behavior relative to the type and range of experience.

The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, plants and some machines.

Progress over time tends to follow a learning curve.

Learning does not happen all at once, but it builds upon and is shaped by previous knowledge.

To that end, learning may be viewed as a process, rather than a collection of factual and procedural knowledge.

Learning produces changes in the organism and the changes produced are relatively permanent.

A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language.

A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge.

Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second language.

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits.

Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, and directed research.

Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves.

Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational.

The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.

or pupil is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution.

In Britain those attending university are termed "students".

In the United States, and more recently also in Britain, the term "student" is applied to both categories.

In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults who are taking vocational education or returning to university.

When speaking about learning outside an institution, "student" is also used to refer to someone who is learning a topic or who is "a student of" a certain topic or person.