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Linux (pronounced or, less frequently) is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution.

The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.

The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.

In computer science, real-time computing (RTC), or reactive computing describes hardware and software systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from event to system response.

Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines".

The correctness of these types of systems depends on their temporal aspects as well as their functional aspects.

Real-time responses are often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and sometimes microseconds.

A system not specified as operating in real time cannot usually guarantee a response within any timeframe, although actual or expected response times may be given.

The World Wide Web (abbreviated WWW or the Web) is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.

English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989.

He wrote the first web browser computer program in 1990 while employed at CERN in Switzerland.

The Web browser was released outside of CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and to the general public on the Internet in August 1991.

In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients".

This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices.

Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client.

A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers.

A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device.

Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers.

An application program (app or application for short) is a computer program designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user.

Examples of an application include a word processor, a spreadsheet, an accounting application, a web browser, a media player, an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game or a photo editor.

The collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively.

This contrasts with system software, which is mainly involved with running the computer.