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Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.

They are one of the building blocks of body tissue, and can also serve as a fuel source.

As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram.

The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a diet that strictly excludes gluten, a mixture of proteins found in wheat and related grains, including barley, rye, oat, and all their species and hybrids (such as spelt, kamut, and triticale).

The inclusion of oats in a gluten-free diet remains controversial.

Oat toxicity in people with gluten-related disorders depends on the oat cultivar consumed because the immunoreactivities of toxic prolamins are different among oat varieties.

Furthermore, oats are frequently cross-contaminated with other gluten-containing cereals.

Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption, often for the treatment of obesity or diabetes.

Foods high in easily digestible carbohydrates (e.g., sugar, bread, pasta) are limited or replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of fats and moderate protein (e.g., meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, and seeds) and other foods low in carbohydrates (e.g., most salad vegetables such as spinach, kale, chard and collards), although other vegetables and fruits (especially berries) are often allowed.

The amount of carbohydrate allowed varies with different low-carbohydrate diets.

Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism.

It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants.

It has two main components: