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Probiotics are microorganisms that are believed to provide health benefits when consumed.

The term probiotic is currently used to name ingested microorganisms associated with benefits for humans and animals.

The term came into more common use after 1980.

The introduction of the concept is generally attributed to Nobel laureate Élie Metchnikoff, who postulated that yogurt-consuming Bulgarian peasants lived longer lives because of this custom.

He suggested in 1907 that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes".

A significant expansion of the potential market for probiotics has led to higher requirements for scientific substantiation of putative benefits conferred by the microorganisms.

Fish oil is oil derived from the tissues of oily fish.

Fish oils contain the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), precursors of certain eicosanoids that are known to reduce inflammation in the body, and have other health benefits.

Nonetheless, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants.

It has two main components:

A dietary supplement is intended to provide nutrients that may otherwise not be consumed in sufficient quantities.

Herbalism (also herbal medicine or phytotherapy) is the study of botany and use of plants intended for medicinal purposes or for supplementing a diet.

Plants have been the basis for medical treatments through much of human history, and such traditional medicine is still widely practiced today.

Modern medicine recognizes herbalism as a form of alternative medicine, as the practice of herbalism is not strictly based on evidence gathered using the scientific method.

Modern medicine makes use of many plant-derived compounds as the basis for evidence-based pharmaceutical drugs.

Although phytotherapy may apply modern standards of effectiveness testing to herbs and medicines derived from natural sources, few high-quality clinical trials and standards for purity or dosage exist.

The scope of herbal medicine is sometimes extended to include fungal and bee products, as well as minerals, shells and certain animal parts.