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Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body.

They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source.

As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram.

The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition.

A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient—that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism but cannot synthesize, either at all or in sufficient quantities, and therefore must obtain through its diet.

The term vitamin does not include the three other essential nutrients: essential mineral (nutrient)s, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.

Some substances can be synthesized by a certain organism, but not by another: that substance is not a vitamin in the first instance, but it is in the second.

Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers.

Vitamins are classified by their biological/chemical activity, not their structure.

The thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism are: vitamin A (retinols and carotenoids), vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B7 (biotin), vitamin B9 (folic acid or folate), vitamin B12 (cobalamins), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin D (calciferols), vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols), and vitamin K (quinones).

Dietary fiber or roughage is the portion of plant-derived food that cannot be completely broken down by digestive enzymes.

It has two main components:

A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.

A mineral has one specific chemical composition, whereas a rock can be an aggregate of different minerals or mineraloids.

The study of minerals is called mineralogy.

Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.

It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals.

The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.