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Secondary education covers two phases on the ISCED scale.

Level 2 or junior secondary education is considered the second and final phase of basic education, and level 3 (Upper) secondary education is the stage before tertiary education.

Every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them.

Secondary education typically takes place after six years of primary education and is followed by higher education, vocational training or employment.

Formal learning is typically divided into a number of educational stages covering early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and tertiary (or higher) education.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognizes seven levels of education in its International Standard Classification of Education system (ISCED, from Level 0 (pre-primary education) through Level 6 (second stage of tertiary education)).

UNESCO's International Bureau of Education maintains a database of country-specific education systems and their stages.

An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the author's own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a short story.

Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal.

Formal essays are characterized by "serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length," whereas the informal essay is characterized by "the personal element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences, confidential manner), humor, graceful style, rambling structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.

In higher education in Canada and the United States, a course is a unit of teaching that typically lasts one academic term, is led by one or more instructors (teachers or professors), and has a fixed roster of students.

A course is usually an individual subject.

Students may receive a grade and academic credit after completion of the course.

In philosophy, ideas are usually construed as mental representational images of some object.

Ideas can also be abstract concepts that do not present as mental images.

Many philosophers have considered ideas to be a fundamental ontological category of being.

The capacity to create and understand the meaning of ideas is considered to be an essential and defining feature of human beings.

In a popular sense, an idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous manner, even without thinking or serious reflection, for example, when we talk about the idea of a person or a place.

A new or original idea can often lead to innovation.