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Machine to machine refers to direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless.

The Internet of things (IoT) is the inter-networking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings, and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data.

In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as "the infrastructure of the information society." The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention.

When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such as smart grids, virtual power plants, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.

Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.

Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.

A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.

Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet.

A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination node.

A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless.

The network is distributed over land areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver, known as a cell site or base station.

This base station provides the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data and others.

A cell might use a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell.

In telecommunications, the term gateway refers to a piece of networking hardware that has the following meaning: