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Cryptography, or cryptology (from "hidden, secret"; and graphein, "to write", or -logia, "study", respectively), is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of adversarial behavior.

More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages.

Modern cryptography exists at the intersection of the disciplines of mathematics, computer science, information security, electrical engineering, digital signal processing, physics, and others.

Core concepts related to information security (data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation) are also central to cryptography.

Practical applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications.

Computer security, cybersecurity, digital security or information technology security (IT security) is the protection of computer systems and networks from attacks by malicious actors that may result in unauthorized information disclosure, theft of, or damage to hardware, software, or data, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.

Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the case, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.