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In computer science, real-time computing (RTC), or reactive computing describes hardware and software systems subject to a "real-time constraint", for example from event to system response.

Real-time programs must guarantee response within specified time constraints, often referred to as "deadlines".

The correctness of these types of systems depends on their temporal aspects as well as their functional aspects.

Real-time responses are often understood to be in the order of milliseconds, and sometimes microseconds.

A system not specified as operating in real time cannot usually guarantee a response within any timeframe, although actual or expected response times may be given.

Computer software, or simply software, is that part of a computer system that consists of data or computer instructions, in contrast to the physical hardware from which the system is built.

In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all information processed by computer systems, programs and data.

Computer software includes computer programs, libraries and related non-executable data, such as online documentation or digital media.

Computer hardware and software require each other and neither can be realistically used on its own.

In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two principal operations: ', which adds an element to the collection, and ', which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed.

The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its alternative name, LIFO (for last in, first out).

Additionally, a peek operation may give access to the top without modifying the stack.

A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways.

Most bugs arise from mistakes and errors made in either a program's source code or its design, or in components and operating systems used by such programs.

A few are caused by compilers producing incorrect code.

A program that contains a large number of bugs, and/or bugs that seriously interfere with its functionality, is said to be buggy (defective).