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A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.; New Latin Pharmaciae Doctor) is a professional doctorate degree in pharmacy.

In some countries, it is a first professional degree, and a prerequisite for licensing to exercise the profession of Pharmacist.

The first Pharm.D.

program was established at the University of Southern California School of Pharmacy in Los Angeles, California in 1950.

The Doctor of Medicine (meaning "teacher of medicine," abbreviated M.D) is a terminal medical degree for practitioners of medicine.

The meaning of the degree varies between different countries.

In countries that follow the United States system, the M.D.

denotes a first professional graduate degree awarded upon initial graduation from medical school.

In countries that follow the tradition of the United Kingdom, the M.D.

denotes a research doctorate, higher doctorate, honorary doctorate or advanced clinical coursework degree restricted to medical graduates.

In those countries, the title of the equivalent first professional degree is Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery.

A graduate school (sometimes shortened as grad school) is a school that awards advanced academic degrees (i.e. master's and doctoral degrees) with the general requirement that students must have earned a previous undergraduate (bachelor's) degree with a high grade point average.

A distinction is typically made between graduate schools (where courses of study vary in the degree to which they provide training for a particular profession) and professional schools, which offer specialized advanced degrees in professional fields such as medicine, nursing, business, engineering, or law.

The distinction between graduate schools and professional schools is not absolute, as various professional schools offer graduate degrees (e.g., some nursing schools offer a master's degree in nursing).

Also, some graduate degrees train students for a specific profession (e.g. an MSc or a PhD in epidemiology trains a person to be an epidemiologist).

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin ') is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries.

Ph.D.s are awarded for a wide range of programs in the sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, etc), engineering, and humanities (e.g., history, geography, literature, musicology, etc), among others.

The Ph.D.

is a terminal degree in many fields.

The completion of a Ph.D.

is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields.

A clear distinction is made between an "earned doctorate", which is awarded for completion of a course of study and a thesis or dissertation, and an "honorary doctorate", a title granted by a university to a successful or notable person who has not completed doctoral academic work or completed a dissertation at the university.

Individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of "Doctor" with their name and use the post-nominal letters "Ph.D.", "PhD" or "DPhil".

College (Latin: collegium) is an educational institution or a constituent part of one.

A college may be a degree-awarding tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university, or an institution offering vocational education.