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Expert is defined differently in varying academic fields.

Psychology defines an expert using superior performance; sociology considers that expertise is a label given to an individual by a group and is interested in the power held by experts; philosophy stresses the kind of knowledge held by experts but not novices.

Informally, an expert is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain.

An expert, more generally, is a person with extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation and in a particular area of study.

Experts are called in for advice on their respective subject, but they do not always agree on the particulars of a field of study.

An expert can be believed, by virtue of credential, training, education, profession, publication or experience, to have special knowledge of a subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon the individual's opinion.

Historically, an expert was referred to as a sage (Sophos).

The individual was usually a profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment.

Performance tuning is the improvement of system performance.

Typically in computer systems, the motivation for such activity is called a performance problem, which can be either real or anticipated.

Most systems will respond to increased load with some degree of decreasing performance.

A system's ability to accept higher load is called scalability, and modifying a system to handle a higher load is synonymous to performance tuning.