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Formal learning is typically divided into a number of educational stages covering early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and tertiary (or higher) education.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognizes seven levels of education in its International Standard Classification of Education system (ISCED, from Level 0 (pre-primary education) through Level 6 (second stage of tertiary education)).

UNESCO's International Bureau of Education maintains a database of country-specific education systems and their stages.

A test or examination (informally, exam or evaluation) is an assessment intended to measure a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs).

A test may be administered verbally, on paper, on a computer, or in a confined area that requires a test taker to physically perform a set of skills.

Tests vary in style, rigor and requirements.

For example, in a closed book test, a test taker is often required to rely upon memory to respond to specific items whereas in an open book test, a test taker may use one or more supplementary tools such as a reference book or calculator when responding to an item.

A test may be administered formally or informally.

An example of an informal test would be a reading test administered by a parent to a child.

An example of a formal test would be a final examination administered by a teacher in a classroom or an I.Q.

test administered by a psychologist in a clinic.

Formal testing often results in a grade or a test score.

A test score may be interpreted with regards to a norm or criterion, or occasionally both.